Basiskennis chemie/Classificatie van stoffen/Periodiek Systeem Elementen
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Orde in de chaos
Na zink ontbraken er, wat eigenschappen betreft twee elementen. Volgens Mendelejev waren die twee gewoon nog niet ontdekt!. Op grond van de eigenschappen van aluminium en indium enerzijds en silicium en tin anderzijds durfde hij de eigenschappen van de ontbrekende elementen, door hem eka-aluminium en eka-silicium genoemd en nu bekend als gallium en germanium, te voorspellen. Toen de elementen een aantal jaren later gevonden werden, bleken de eigenschappen, verbindingen en vindplaats opmerkelijk goed overeen te stemmen met de voorspellingen van Mendelejev.
|+ Vergelijking tussen Mendelev's voorspelling in 1871 en de eigenschappen van gallium en germaninium |- | rowspan="2" valign="bottom" | Eigenschap | colspan="2" | Gallium[1] | colspan="2" | Germanium[2] |- | Voorspelling || Gemeten || Voorspelling || Gemeten |- | Atoomgewicht || ~68 || 69.723 || 72.64 || 72.59 |- | Dichtheid (g/cm3) || 5.9 || 5.904 || 5.5 || 5.35 |- | Smeltpunt (°C) || laag || 29.767 || hoog || 947 |- | Kleur || || || grijs || grijs |- | oxide type || || || Vuurvast dioxide || vuurvast dioxide |- | Formule van het oxide || || || || |- | Dichtheid van het oxide (g/cm3) || 5.5 || 5.88 || 4.7 || 4.7 |- | Type van het hydroxide || amfoteer || amfoteer |- | Type oxide || || || zwak basisch || zwak basisch |- | Formule van het chloride || || || || |- | Kookpunt van het chloride (°C)|| || || < 100 || 86 ( ) |- | Dichtheid van het chloride (g/cm3) || || || 1.9 || 1.9
|}Eka-Germanium
Het periodiek systeem
Het huidige periodiek systeem
| || colspan="18" align="left" | Het periodiek systeem der elementen
|-
|width=60 style="border-style:none" |
|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:none" | 1
Ia
|width=32 style="border-style:none" |
|width=32 style="border-style:none" |
|width=32 style="border-style:none" |
|width=32 style="border-style:none" |
|width=32 style="border-style:none" |
|width=32 style="border-style:none" |
|width=32 style="border-style:none" |
|width=32 style="border-style:none" |
|width=32 style="border-style:none" |
|width=32 style="border-style:none" |
|width=32 style="border-style:none" |
|width=32 style="border-style:none" |
|width=32 style="border-style:none" |
|width=32 style="border-style:none" |
|width=32 style="border-style:none" |
|width=32 style="border-style:none" |
|align=center valign=bottom width=32 style="border-style:none" | 18
0
|-
| align="center" | 1
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbff77;" | 1
H
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:none" | 2
IIa
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:none" | 13
IIIa
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:none" | 14
IVa
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:none" | 15
Va
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:none" | 16
VIa
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:none" | 17
VIIa
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#77ffbb;" | 2
He
|-
| align="center" | 2
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbbff;" | 3
Li
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;" | 4
Be
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|style="border-style:none" |
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ccccff;" | 5
B
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbff77;" | 6
C
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbff77;" | 7
N
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbff77;" | 8
O
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffbb;" | 9
F
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#77ffbb;" | 10
Ne
|-
| align="center" | 3
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbbff;" | 11
Na
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;" | 12
Mg
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:none" | 3
IIIb
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:none" | 4
IVb
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:none" | 5
Vb
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:none" | 6
VIb
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:none" | 7
VIIb
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:none" | 8
VIIIb
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:none" | 9
VIIIb
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:none" | 10
VIIIb
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:none" | 11
Ib
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:none" | 12
IIb
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#77bbff;" | 13
Al
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ccccff;" | 14
Si
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbff77;" | 15
P
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbff77;" | 16
S
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffbb;" | 17
Cl
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#77ffbb;" | 18
Ar
|-
| align="center" | 4
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbbff;" | 19
K
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;" | 20
Ca
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 21
Sc
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 22
Ti
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 23
V
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 24
Cr
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 25
Mn
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 26
Fe
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 27
Co
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 28
Ni
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 29
Cu
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 30
Zn
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#77bbff;" | 31
Ga
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ccccff;" | 32
Ge
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ccccff;" | 33
As
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbff77;" | 34
Se
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffbb;" | 35
Br
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#77ffbb;" | 36
Kr
|-
| align="center" | 5
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbbff;" | 37
Rb
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;" | 38
Sr
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 39
Y
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 40
Zr
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 41
Nb
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 42
Mo
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | (43)
Tc
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 44
Ru
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 45
Rh
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 46
Pd
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 47
Ag
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 48
Cd
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#77bbff;" | 49
In
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#77bbff;" | 50
Sn
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ccccff;" | 51
Sb
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ccccff;" | 52
Te
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffbb;" | 53
I
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#77ffbb;" | 54
Xe
|-
| align="center" | 6
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbbff;" | 55
Cs
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;" | 56
Ba
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ddbbdd;" | *
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 72
Hf
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 73
Ta
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 74
W
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 75
Re
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 76
Os
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 77
Ir
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 78
Pt
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 79
Au
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | 80
Hg
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#77bbff;" | 81
Tl
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#77bbff;" | 82
Pb
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#77bbff;" | 83
Bi
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ccccff;" | 84
Po
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffffbb;" | 85
At
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#77ffbb;" | 86
Rn
|-
| align="center" | 7
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbbff;" | 87
Fr
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ffbb77;" | 88
Ra
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#dd88dd;" | **
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | (104)
Rf
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | (105)
Db
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | (106)
Sg
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | (107)
Bh
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | (108)
Hs
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | (109)
Mt
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | (110)
Ds
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | (111)
Rg
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#bbffff;" | (112)
Cn
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#e8e8e8;" | (113)
Nh
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#e8e8e8;" | (114)
Fl
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#e8e8e8;" | (115)
Mc
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#e8e8e8;" | (116)
Lv
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#e8e8e8;" | (117)
Ts
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#e8e8e8;" | (118)
Og
|-
|colspan="19" style="border-style:none" |
|-
|style="border-style:none" colspan=3 | *Lanthaniden
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ddbbdd;" | 57
La
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ddbbdd;" | 58
Ce
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ddbbdd;" | 59
Pr
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ddbbdd;" | 60
Nd
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ddbbdd;" | (61)
Pm
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ddbbdd;" | 62
Sm
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ddbbdd;" | 63
Eu
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ddbbdd;" | 64
Gd
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ddbbdd;" | 65
Tb
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ddbbdd;" | 66
Dy
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ddbbdd;" | 67
Ho
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ddbbdd;" | 68
Er
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ddbbdd;" | 69
Tm
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ddbbdd;" | 70
Yb
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#ddbbdd;" | 71
Lu
|-
|style="border-style:none" colspan=3 | **Actiniden
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#dd88dd;" | 89
Ac
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#dd88dd;" | 90
Th
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#dd88dd;" | 91
Pa
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#dd88dd;" | 92
U
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#dd88dd;" | (93)
Np
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#dd88dd;" | (94)
Pu
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#dd88dd;" | (95)
Am
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#dd88dd;" | (96)
Cm
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#dd88dd;" | (97)
Bk
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#dd88dd;" | (98)
Cf
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#dd88dd;" | (99)
Es
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#dd88dd;" | (100)
Fm
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#dd88dd;" | (101)
Md
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#dd88dd;" | (102)
No
|align=center valign=bottom style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#888888; background:#dd88dd;" | (103)
Lr
Groep
Hoofdgroep
Overgangsmetalen
Speciale namen
Groep 1
Groep 2
Groep 17
Het Periodiek systeem in 1869
Van de groen aangegeven elementen zijn door Mendelejev goede voorspellingen van de eigenschappen gedaan.
De elementen die 1869 bekend waren in het periodiek systeem. | ||||||||||||||||||
1 Ia |
goede voorspelling | 18 0 | ||||||||||||||||
1 | H 1.0 |
2 IIa |
omgewisseld ivm eigenschappen | 13 IIIa |
14 IVa |
15 Va |
16 VIa |
17 VIIa |
||||||||||
2 | Li 6.9 |
Be 9.0 |
B 10.8 |
C 12.0 |
N 14.0 |
O 16.0 |
||||||||||||
3 | Na 23.0 |
Mg 24.3 |
3 IIIb |
4 IVb |
5 Vb |
6 VIb |
7 VIIb |
8 VIIIb |
9 VIIIb |
10 VIIIb |
11 Ib |
12 IIb |
Al 27.0 |
Si 28.1 |
P 31.0 |
S 32.1 |
Cl 35.5 |
|
4 | K 39.1 |
Ca 40.1 |
Ti 45.0 |
V 50.9 |
Cr 52.0 |
Mn 54.9 |
Fe 55.9 |
Co 58.9 |
Ni 58.7 |
Cu 63.6 |
Zn 65.4 |
As 74.9 |
Se 79.0 |
Br 79.9 |
||||
5 | Rb 85.5 |
Sr 87.6 |
Y 88.9 |
Zr 91.2 |
Nb 92.9 |
Mo 95.9 |
Ru 101.1 |
Rh 102.9 |
Pd 106.4 |
Ag 107.9 |
Cd 112.4 |
In 114.8 |
Sn 118.7 |
Sb 121.8 |
Te 127.6 |
I 126.9 |
||
6 | Cs 132.9 |
Ba 137.3 |
* |
Ta 180.9 |
W 183.9 |
Os 190.2 |
Ir 192.2 |
Pt 195.1 |
Au 197.0 |
Hg 200.6 |
Tl 204.4 |
Pb 207.2 |
Bi 209.0 |
|||||
7 | ** |
|||||||||||||||||
*Lanthaniden | La 138.9 |
Ce 140.1 |
Sm 150.4 |
Tb 159.9 |
Er 167.3 |
|||||||||||||
**Actiniden | Th 232.0 |
U 238.0 |
- ↑ Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 217.
- ↑ Winkler, Clemens (1887). Mittheilungen über des Germanium. Zweite Abhandlung. J. Prak. Chemie 36 (1): 177–209. DOI: 10.1002/prac.18870360119. Geraadpleegd op 20 augustus 2008.